AIDS :: AIDS Essays

Scientists have concluded, based on mathematical research, that the virus that lead to the epidemic of AIDS can be traced all the way back to 1930, somewhere around Central Africa. Bette Korber, of the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, presented this conclusion at the Conference of Retroviruses. The notion that HIV was introduced in contaminated oral polio vaccines in Africa between the years of 1957 and 1961 has been often debated and challenged. The results presented by Korber, not only refute the before mentioned allegations, but also move us toward finding out where the virus really came from and in which direction it is heading in the future. The first sample discovered in 1959 comes from a man in Congo, who died as a member of the M class of HIV, the type that most people are infected with today. However old the virus was, it was evident that it wasn’t the first of its kind. The reason that the virus was ever connected to polio is because in the same year of 1959, the introduction of oral polio vaccines, supposedly tested on chimpanzees, came to the continent of Africa. However in reality, states Stanley Plotkin of the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, â€Å"the introduction of HIV in chimpanzees occurred well before the polio vaccine.† The machine used in the process of determination is the Los Alamos Nirvana Machine, which is capable of making one trillion calculations per second. After plugging in dates, formulas and locations, the Nirvana located the origin of the HIV virus as being 1930, however the range of error shows that it could have been anywhere from 1915 to 1942. The Nirvana was also able to determine that the virus appeared in the Caribbean Islands such as Haiti, in the 1960’s, while it came to America more than ten years later. It is quite definite that the virus came from chimpanzees in the area around Gabon, Cameroon, and the Central African rainforest. It most probably passed onto the hunters while they were butchering the animals. After that, the virus has taken on six different strands, and is spread in humans mostly through sexual intercourse. Issue The matter being discussed here is the AIDS epidemic. AIDS and the HIV virus are very real issues in the world and especially in America. Whether it is the needle of the syringe of a junkie, a blood transfusion or the exchange of bodily fluids, people are getting infected and dying every day with this disease, and there is no remedy.

Twelve Who Ruled †Why Tenacious Terror was Necessary Essay -- Politic

In the year 1793-94, the Reign of Terror invoked by the twelve members of Committee of Public Safety (CPS) was unavoidable and led the way for a metamorphosis to occur within France during the French Revolution. While the word terror is often associated with Halloween or stories meant to be frightening for fun, the word held a far more serious meaning to the people of France. The theme of fear allowed the CPS members to change the monarchy to a revolutionary government in hopes of eventually enacting the constitution already written (75). A group of well-educated radical republicans known as the Jacobins developed the CPS in the fifth year of the French revolution and each of the twelve members dealt with a monthly election to continue governing France (72). During this time, France and its people required assistance. The monarchy that controlled France eight centuries earlier ignored and heavily taxed the lower/middle class inhabitants (the san-culottes) who ironically happened to be the majority and poorest. The purpose of the CPS was to establish the rights and privileges to the middle and lower class only the nobility and clergy relished. While the nobles endured the negative consequences of the revolution and wars from the previous years, most of the nation dealt with the affects much more severely. One of the major duties as the new revolutionary government included repairing the damage imbued by the monarchial previously in power. Other agendas included supervising the Revolutionary Armies, along with the gen erals of the real armies working to purge France of impending invaders and the distribution of food supplies and necessities to live (74). The CPS never intended a revolutionary government to be a permanent solution,... ...bespierre predicted that it would create a gateway for another chapter to begin involving the French Revolution, military dictatorship (372). The steps for France to become an independent republic definitely were not easy, but without these transitions, the nation would have taken much longer to progress. In society today, it is difficult to believe that violence and terror would be essential for anything other than entertainment. Unfortunately, in order to triumph as an independent nation, viciousness is often unavoidable and only used as the final resort. As discussed in class, other countries recently have been trying to or are obtaining the sovereignty so easy to take for granted. While the development may not be the same as the French Revolution, the terror produced by the Committee of Public Safety heeds a warning to the ones who seek revolutionary freedom.

The Trouble with Working It Essay -- Unemployment Jobs Careers Essays

The Trouble with Working It Alison Hooker is a bright young woman. She is a middler communications major at Northeastern University and performing well in her classes. She has experience as a waitress and recently finished her first co-op at a broadcasting company in her native Chicago. She is friendly and outgoing, and carries herself with a confident, yet approachable demeanor. In all regards, she appears to be a capable and collected individual. Despite all these positive attributes, however, Hooker has been unable to find a job in Boston. â€Å"I’ve applied so many places,† said Hooker, who has been persistently searching for work since returning to Boston in January. â€Å"It takes a lot of time to go out and apply to a lot of different places, and it’s even harder when you have classes all during the day. I can’t even remember every place I applied to, probably because a lot of them never even called back.† Hooker isn’t alone in her sentiments of frustration. Within the past few years, finding a job has become increasingly difficult for people across the nation. Unemployment rates have, with few exceptions, been steadily climbing, and that trend is reflected in many discouraged would-be workers. In Boston alone, average unemployment rates more than doubled in the past four years, from 2.9% in 2000 to a full 6% in 2003, according to statistics from the Massachusetts Division of Employment and Training (MDET). Finding and maintaining employment has been difficult for white-collar professionals, let alone unskilled college students that are only available for part-time hours. On the rare occasions that unemployment rates have declined in recent months, many analysts dismiss the seemingly positive statistic as a sign of the ... ...re hoping that things will soon be looking up for the average campus dweller. The statistics vary and the interpretations contradict; for Alison Hooker, however, all that matters is whether all this economic debate will lead to her finding a paycheck. â€Å"It costs a lot of money to go to this school, and it would be really nice to be making some back,† she said. â€Å"I am not all that concerned about getting a real job after school. I think that the job contacts I’m making through co-op will help a lot with that,† said Hooker, who has plans to return to her previous co-op at a Chicago broadcasting corporation in June of 2004. â€Å"I’m not even looking for anything all that great right now, just something part-time. And I just feel like, I made it into college and am getting through all this higher learning- should it really be more difficult to get hired at Starbucks?†

Caring for Individuals with Additional Needs Essay

A brief introduction to the introductory pack including aims and objectives Include a definition of additional needs Explain why it is important for care practitioners to be aware of the different additional needs that people may have (150 words) P1 –Outline reasons why individuals may experience additional needs – Produce a newsletter What are additional needs – What is a physical disability and how does it have an impact on an individual to be classed as an additional need? What is a sensory disability? Give examples What is a cognitive disability? Give examples (200 words) Define and describe the different types of disabilities, signs and symptoms, cause of the additional need and why they have an additional need – e.g. Down’s syndrome; cystic fibrosis, autistic spectrum, people with mental health problems, asthma, multiple sclerosis, paraplegia ( 1000 words) For example Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) & (ADD) are conditions which result in problem behaviour and poor attention span. Children find it hard to control their behaviour. They might be impulsive, restless and inattentive. Children can have problems learning and socialising. The causes of ADHD are not clear. Possible causes are thought to be brain injury, chemical imbalance in the brain, genetic links, environmental factors and a possible link to diet. Some of these children present more challenging behaviour than others and may require support when socialising and in the learning context. This may result in one-to-one support in class. P2 – Describe models of disability –Booklet to include Define the differences between disability; impairment Explain the different models of disability – such as medical; social, charity and holistic or person centred model and give examples of that substantiate your understanding. Key questions to consider: Is it a positive or negative approach? Does it focus on the ability or disability of people with additional needs? Is there an aim to the model? Is the disabled person labelled as a victim? Give an example of the impact on service provision because of the model of disability P3- Explain the barriers which may be experienced by people with additional needs Define what a barrier could in reference to health and social care settings Identify the barriers that people with additional needs may face e.g. attitudinal barriers; discrimination, barriers to access and opportunities, cultural, stereotyping and discrimination, impact on self-esteem and the effects of this on a disabled person’s well-being and give examples of each barrier described P4 – Explain positive working practice with individuals with additional learning needs – written piece What is an additional learning need? Give examples of this with an explanation What support services can a client with additional learning needs access? What are the principles of positive working practice? E.g. explain empowering care and explain the importance of this when working with clients with additional learning needs What do you understand by person centred planning and why this is an example of positive working practice when working with clients with additional learning needs? What is safeguarding and how significant is this when working with people with additional learning needs? What is positive reinforcement and explain the relevance of this when promoting independence? What is ‘Guidance’ and how can this influence positive working practice / the conduct of carers? Why is it important for care workers to be registered with a regulatory body as positive working practice for people with additional learning needs? ( 2,000 words for p2, p3 and p4 ) Bibliography Boys D and Michie V (2008) BTEC National Health & Social Care Book 2: Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes (in your college library pages 196-237 has unit 26 Caring for people with additional needs – be aware the legislation may vary)

Case Study One- Rio Tinto: Redesigning HR Essay

1. Synopsis Rio Tinto, an international London based mining and mineral company was severely impacted by the global recession in 2008. Such an impact forced unprecedented workforce reductions worldwide and decentralized HR management had to be brought in under a single umbrella to insure an orderly and efficient system that would support the organization’s future productivity. This new proactive approach to management, utilization of technology, and preparation of the employees proved to help save the company and set the stage for continued future operations. 2. Answer the Questions Q1. How did Rio Tinto’s revamping of HR help with minimizing the potential problems with the reduction in force? The entirety of management to engage in strategic human resource planning is what had been revamped in the Rio Tinto organization. Engaging in centralized global planning, maintaining effectiveness, awareness in serving the best interests of the entire organization, and not carrying out decentralized single focused HR at all sixty individual business sites was a positive, yet necessary culture shift leading to increased efficiency. The intention to control issues and serve the best company interests were to maintain integrity, hold down costs (which could have been in legal fights and time), sensitivity to those affected persons and business units, and establish a data management system that handles international staffing and succession planning. What role would an HRIS have to play in managing a RIF? The role of Human Resource Information System(s) in any organization is to give employee asset visibility to enable management decisions and planning easier. In a perfect world, all employee records from hire to decision time would give a more complete picture on all employees past, present, and future value to the organization. The comprehensiveness of a database with all the intricacies loaded in to handle future plans, regional requirements,  training and education, critical skills, performance data, and succession planning allows managers the ability to see exactly where to eliminate positions and personnel that do not add to organizational productivity. Q2. Without a consistent philosophy, policies, and approaches to reduction in force (or any other disruptions in the future) what would the likely reactions from employees be? The first collective employee reaction management will see, whether the entire reduction in force plan is revealed, would be that of the union(s) being up in arms that there will be any employees getting the pink slip. The on the job efficiencies and reduction in productiveness could occur if employees become disenfranchised and are left wondering on whether they have a job tomorrow. Managers and employees who generally have a minor trust issue normally will withdraw from each other, which will result in work team dysfunctional behaviors and creativity will stalemate. If left to its own devices, strikes, walkouts, or employee sabotage could become the extreme results of poorly constructed philosophy, policies, and management approaches. 3. Describe a Similar Personal Experience During the mid-to-end of the 1990s, during my career in the US Army, we had a reduction in force (RIF) that was conducted very poorly. The perceived best interests (Washington politics) for the organization and centralized decisions were implemented without regard for the work units spread across the globe. There was no real use of a common sense approach to succession planning and ultimately we lost an unacceptable amount of mid-level managers that caused a knowledge gap that took nearly ten years to correct. At the time, the HRIS was not fully in place with management understanding the capability of the tools possible in making decisions. Changes since that time have improved in teaching management to leaders and in the near future, a RIF is on the way with the drawdown after we get our forces back here from the Middle East. We should watch and evaluate the historical lessons of the past.

Essay On Political Parties In India Essay

Posted in National Issues of India by Vijay Jaiswal On August 29, 2013. No comments In a modern democratic political system of India, with governments based on Parliamentary model, political parties are central to the working of the political system. Political parties in Indian Democracy grow up the as spokesman of organized interests. Thus a Political party system in India is an organization of like minded people based together either to preserve and promote group interests or to promote a particular ideology. Usually every party seeks to promote some particular interest and ideology. The political party constantly seeks to capture governmental powers to secure its ends. In a democracy, the party gets into power through elections. In a Parliamentary system such of India, the political party winning the majority of seats in the Lower House of the Parliament forms the Government, while the Party or Parties failing to get the majority constitutes the opposition. Thus the Parliamentary government is always a Party government. It may be the government of a single party or it may be the government of a coalition of parties. The nature of political party system in India was characterized by Morris Jhones as a dominant one party system. It means that India basically has a multi-party system but one among the many parties is dominant party and monopolizes governmental power. Since independence up to the 4th general election in 1947 this was precisely the picture. The Congress party was in power during all the twenty years from 1947-67 both at the centre and in the states with a brief exception in Kerala in 1958. The 1967 elections saw the fall of the Congress monopoly in several states where unstable coalitions were established. The sixth General Election in 1977 witnessed the fall of the Congress at the centre. The Janata Government was established. But the Janata experiment soon failed. For Janata was in reality an unstable coalition. The Congress gained back its power in 1980. Then there was a B.J.P. coalition government at the centre and in few states. On the basis of their influence and aspirations, parties in India fall into two categories: All India politicalparties and regional political parties. Thus the Congress (I) or the Jananta Dal or the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) – are truly All India parties having some sort of influence throughout India and having All India aspirations. There are some other political parties which are professedly All India parties but their influence is limited to particular regions. They may be classed us regional parties with All India aspirations. The Communist Party of India (Marxist), the Communist Party of India, the Forward Block, the Revolutionary Socialist Party (R.S.P) etc. fall into this category. The influence of the C.P.I. (M) for example is concentrated in West Bengal, Kerala and Tripura. The regional political parties are those which are frankly regional in their aspirations emphasizing their ethnic or linguistic identities. The D.M.K. or the A.I.A.D.M.K. in Tamil Nadu, the Telugu Desham in Andhra, and the A.G.P. in Assam or the National Conference in Jammu and Kashmir fall into this category. There are also some frankly communal parties like the Shib Sena emphasizing their religious identity. On the basis of ideology, Indian parties may be classified into conservative, liberal democratic and revolutionary parties. The B.J.P. for example is a conservative party. The Janata Dal and the Congress are liberal democratic parties. The Communist Parties, the Revolutionary Socialist Party etc. are revolutionary parties seeking restructuring of the society along Marxian Lines, while the B.J.P. may be said to occupy the extreme right position in the political spectrum, the Congress, the Janata Dal stand at the centre while the Communist Parties and  the R.S.P. occupy the extreme left position.

Mktg 2202 Midterm Review

Chp 1 * The promotional mix * Advertising * Sales Promotion * Public Relations * Direct Marketing * internet marketing * personal selling Chp 3 * Consumer Decision Making Decision Stage| Psychological Process| Need Recognition| Motivation| Information Search| Perception| Alternative Evaluation| Attitude Formation| Purchase Decision| Integration| Postpurchase Evaluation| Learning| * Target Market and Target Audience * Target Market * The group of consumers toward which an overall marketing program is directed. * Target Audience * A group of consumers within the target market for which the advertising campaign is directed. Target audience options: rossiter and percy perspective * Brand loyal customers regularly buy the firm’s product * Favourable brand switchers buy focal brand but also buy others * Non-customers * New catergory users customers not purchasing within a product category * Other brand switchers not consistently purchasing focal brand * Other brand loyals loyal to a nother brand Chp4 * The communications processFeedback Feedback Response Response decoding decoding Encoding Encoding Receiver Receiver Channel Message Channel Message Source/Sender Source/Sender chp4 1.Traditional Models a. Aida b. Hierarchy of effects c. Innovation adoption model d. Information processing model 2. Response process models e. Standard learning model > learn/feel/do f. Dissonance/attribution model >do/ feel/learn g. Low involvement model>learn/ do/ feel 3. Cognitive reponse models h. Cognitive response approach-message/source/ad i. Elaboration likelihood model-central/peripheral Chp 5 * Dagmar Definition of Objectives * Target Audience * Benchmark and Degree of Change Sought * Specified Time period * Concrete, measurable tasks * What affects sales? * Technology * Competition * The economy Advertising and promotion * Product quality * Distribution * Price Chp 6 * Brand Strategy models * Salient Beliefs * Beliefs concerning specific attributes or benefits that are acti vated and form the basis of an attitude * Evolve over time * Differ across various segments * Brand positioning Strategy * Relates to the intended image of a product or brand relative to a competing brand for a give competitive space as defined by certain product market or category characteristics Chp7 * Source The person involved in communicating a marketing message, either directly or indirectly Direct Source| Indirect Source|A spokesperson who delivers a message or demonstrates a product or service| Doesn’t actually deliver a message| Andre Agassi endorsing head tennis rackets| Draws attention to or enhances the appearance of the ad| | A model| Seeking the major idea Seeking the major idea Chp 8 * Creative Execution Style * The way in which an advertising appeal is presented * Message Structure * The structure of a persuasive message can influence its effectiveness * Design Elements * The way in which components are place on the page or screen * Ad execution Techniques Str aight-sell / Factual| Animation|Scientific/technical evidence| Personality symbol| Demonstration| Imagery| Comparison| Dramatization| Slice of life| Humour| testimonial| | Chp9 * Marketing Testing Print Ads Post-test of Print Ads Post-test of Print Ads * Reasons for and against measuring effectiveness * Reasons to measure * Avoid costly mistakes * Evaluate Alternative Strategies * Increase Advertising Efficiency * Reasons Not to measure * Cost * Problems with Research * Disagreement on what to test * Objections of creative specialists Chp 10 * Media Tactics Decisions * Media Vehicle * Budget Adjustments * Blocking Chart * Media Strategy Decisions